Tautology

Introduction

Tautology is a linguistic expression wherein a statement’s meaning is redundantly reiterated using different words or phrases; while generally advisable to avoid in communication, it can be strategically employed as a rhetorical figure of speech for emphasis or persuasion.

In this article, we will define this linguistic device and illsurate it with examples.

Let’s start with understanding what tautology means!

What is tautology?

Tautology is a statement that says the same thing twice in different ways or a statement that is unconditionally true by the way it is phrased.

Here are some examples of tautology:

1. Redundant Wording:
   • Example: “The car is both fast and quick.”
     • In this example, “fast” and “quick” are synonyms, making the use of both in the same sentence redundant. The statement could be expressed more efficiently by choosing one of the terms: “The car is fast.”
2. Inherently True Statements:
   • Example: “A circle is round in shape.”
     • This example illustrates a tautology where the additional phrase “round in shape” is unnecessary since the definition of a circle already implies roundness. The statement could be shortened without altering its meaning: “A circle is round.”

Types of Tautology

It is crucial to distinguish between two types of tautology: logical and rhetorical.

Logical Tautology

Logical tautology entails a proposition or statement that is invariably true, leaving no room for logical exceptions. This typically involves the certainty that either a statement or its negation must be true.

Consider the statement “A shape is either a circle or not a circle.” Initially appearing straightforward, this example becomes more insightful when numerous tautological statements about shapes are systematically compared. Through this process, an abstract representation of shapes can be logically constructed.

In essence, logical tautology aids in establishing a clear division or distinction between an object and everything lacking that object’s defining traits. The application of logical tautology is believed to enhance the brain’s ability to categorize and label its surroundings effectively.

Rhetorical Tautology

A rhetorical tautology is the unnecessary repetition of an idea or concept, characterized by the redundant use of words. This redundancy emerges when extra words are introduced to convey a meaning that is already explicit or implied.

Take, for example, the phrase “a free gift,” where “gifts” are inherently free, making the additional adjective redundant.

Though unintentional use of rhetorical tautologies is generally frowned upon for its repetitive nature, intentional deployment can effectively highlight specific aspects of an idea.

This rhetorical device finds common usage in literature, political speeches, advertising slogans, and various forms of communication.

Common Examples of Tautology

Here are common examples of this linguistic phenomenon:

• Forward planning is essential for ensuring a smooth and successful execution of the project.
• It is a free gift.
• The mobile phone is a new innovation.
• In my point of view, I think it is completely useless.
• These are necessary essentials.
• My first priority is to buy food for the children.
• Socrates is either mortal or he’s not.
• If you know, you know.
• Fun things are fun.
• In my point of view, I think it is high time to go.
• It costs me $100 dollars.
• The vast majority of the interviewed are against the war.
• Understanding the basic fundamentals is crucial for success in any field.
• I will revert back to you with the requested information as soon as possible.
• The two houses are in close proximity to each other.
• Please do not repeat again; I heard you the first time.
• The historian delved into the past history of the ancient civilization.
• Let’s join together to create a stronger community.
• The committee reached a consensus of opinion on the proposed policy changes.
• As a token of appreciation, she received a free gift with her purchase.
• The end result of the experiment exceeded our expectations.
• The documentary provided an insight into the actual reality of life in the wilderness.
• The unsolved mystery captivated the attention of detectives for years.
• First and foremost, we need to address the immediate concerns of the community.
• It is important to present only true facts in the research paper.
• The final outcome of the negotiation was a mutually beneficial agreement.
• Opening the mysterious package revealed an unexpected surprise.
• We received advance notice about the upcoming changes in the schedule.
• Following a regular routine helps maintain a sense of order in daily life.
• They discussed their future plans over dinner.
• It is crucial to base our decisions on true facts rather than assumptions.
• The professor provided a brief summary of the complex scientific theory.

In all the above examples, redundancy is useless and may be a source of confusion in communication.

Examples of Tautology in Abbreviations

Many individuals commonly employ initialisms, inadvertently repeating the last word. Consider the following four examples to get an idea:

1. ATM Machine:
   • This abbreviation stands for Automated Teller Machine. Including the term “machine” is redundant, akin to saying Automated Teller Machine machine.
2. COVID-19 Disease:
   • This abbreviation means Coronavirus Disease 2019. Adding the term “disease” is redundant, essentially saying Coronavirus Disease 2019 disease.
3. DVD Disc:
   • This initialism denotes Digital Video Disc. Including the term “disc” is redundant, analogous to saying Digital Video Disc disc.
4. HIV Virus:
   • This abbreviation stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Adding the term “virus” is redundant, resembling the expression Human Immunodeficiency Virus virus.

The above redundancies are frowned upon. It is crucial to avoid such redundancies to enhance clarity and precision in communication.

Examples of Tautology in Literature

Compared to the above examples, the intentional and strategic use of tautology can be effective in expressing emphasis, reinforcing key points, and creating a memorable impact in communication.

Here are some examples of tautology in literature:

Example 1:

Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer,
“Sir,” said I, “or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore;
But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping,
And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door,
That I scarce was sure I heard you”—here I opened wide the door;—
Darkness there and nothing more.

From The Raven By Edagar Allan Poe

The phrases “you came rapping” and “you came tapping” convey a similar idea, and there is an element of tautology in these lines.

Both “rapping” and “tapping” essentially describe a gentle knocking or tapping sound, and the repetition is used for poetic effect, contributing to the rhythmic and melodic qualities of the verse.

Example 2:

And as for me, if I am bereaved of my children, I am bereaved.

Genesis 43:14

This excerpt is from the Bible. In this context, the phrase “I am bereaved” is redundantly restated, expressing the speaker’s acceptance of potential loss with emphasis. Tautology, in this case, is employed intentionally for rhetorical effect.

Example 3:

If I perish, I perish.”

Esther 4:15

In this statement, Queen Esther is expressing the consequences she is willing to face for a particular decision, emphasizing her resolve rather than redundantly restating the same idea.

Example 4:

“Discovered by Pooh, Pooh found it”

From “Winnie the Pooh” by A.A. Milne

the excerpt contains an intentional use of tautology for humorous effect. In this context, the author, A.A. Milne, employs tautology as a playful repetition for emphasis, emphasizing that Pooh not only discovered it but also found it. This deliberate redundancy is used to highlight Pooh’s actions whimsically, contributing to the lighthearted and humorous tone of the story.

Conclusion

In summary, tautology is the repetition of an idea through redundant words or phrases. When used intentionally and strategically, it becomes a powerful rhetorical device, emphasizing key points and creating a memorable impact. Incorporating it into your writing requires a nuanced understanding of context and audience, enabling you to wield tautology effectively for emphasis without compromising clarity or precision.

Related Pages:

• More figures of speech
• Articles about writing