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Nobel Prize- List of Nobel Prize Laureates

Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.

As of 2008, 789 individuals and 20 organizations have been awarded a Nobel Prize, including 62 winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Four Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade three Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), and Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939), from accepting their Nobel Prizes, and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Two Nobel laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and Lê declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time. Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other. Among the 809 Nobel Laureates, 35 Nobel laureates have been women; the first woman to win a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize. The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II.

Laureates

Year   Physics   Chemistry   Physiology
or Medicine  		 Literature   Peace   Economics  
1901 Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad van 't Hoff, Jacobus H von Behring, Emil Prudhomme, Sully Dunant, Henry
Passy, Frédéric		 —
1902 Lorentz, Hendrik A.;
Zeeman, Pieter		 Fischer, Hermann Emil Ross, Ronald Mommsen, Theodor Ducommun, Élie
Gobat, Albert		 —
1903 Becquerel, Henri
Curie, Pierre;
Curie, Marie		 Arrhenius, Svante Finsen, Niels Ryberg Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne Cremer, Randal —
1904 Rayleigh, Lord Ramsay, William Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Mistral, Frédéric
Echegaray, José		 Institut de Droit International —
1905 Lenard, Philipp von Baeyer, Adolf Koch, Robert Sienkiewicz, Henryk von Suttner, Bertha —
1906 Thomson, J. J Moissan, Henri Golgi, Camillo;
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago		 Carducci, Giosuè Roosevelt, Theodore —
1907 Michelson, Albert A Buchner, Eduard Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse Kipling, Rudyard Moneta, Ernesto Teodoro;
Renault, Louis		 —
1908 Lippmann, Gabriel Rutherford, Ernes Mechnikov, Ilya Ilyich;
Ehrlich, Paul		 Eucken, Rudolf Christoph Arnoldson, Klas Pontus;
Bajer, Fredrik		 —
1909 Braun, Ferdinand;
Marconi, Guglielmo		 Ostwald, Wilhelm Kocher, Emil Theodor Lagerlöf, Selma Beernaert, Auguste Marie François;
d'Estournelles de Constant, Paul-Henri-Benjamin		 —
1910 van der Waals, Johannes Diderik Wallach, Otto Kossel, Albrecht Heyse, Paul International Peace Bureau —
1911 Wien, Wilhelm Curie, Marie Gullstrand, Allvar Maeterlinck, Maurice Asser, Tobias Michael Carel;
Fried, Alfred Hermann		 —
1912 Dalén, Gustaf Grignard, Victor;
Sabatier, Paul		 Carrel, Alexis Hauptmann, Gerhart Root, Elihu —
1913 Onnes, Heike Kamerlingh Werner, Alfred Richet, Charles Tagore, Rabindranath La Fontaine, Henri —
1914 von Laue, Max Richards, Theodore William Bárány, Robert None None —
1915 Bragg, William Henry;
Bragg, William Lawrence		 Willstätter, Richard Martin None Rolland, Romain None —
1916 None None None von Heidenstam, Verner None —
1917 Barkla, Charles Glover None None Gjellerup, Karl Adolph;
Pontoppidan, Henrik		 International Committee of the Red Cross —
1918 Planck, Max Haber, Fritz None None None —
1919 Stark, Johannes None Bordet, Jules Spitteler, Carl Wilson, Woodrow —
1920 Guillaume, Charles Edouard Nernst, Walther Herman Krogh, August Hamsun, Knut Bourgeois, Léon —
1921 Einstein, Albert Soddy, Frederick None France, Anatole Branting, Hjalmar;
Lange, Christian Lous		 —
1922 Bohr, Niels Aston, Francis William Hill, Archibald;
Meyerhof, Otto Fritz		 Benavente, Jacinto Nansen, Fridtjof —
1923 Millikan, Robert A. Pregl, Fritz Banting, Frederick;
Macleod, John James Richard		 Yeats, William Butler None —
1924 Siegbahn, Manne None Einthoven, Willem Reymont, Władysław None —
1925 Franck, James;
Hertz, Gustav		 Zsigmondy, Richard Adolf None Shaw, George Bernard Chamberlain, Austen;
Dawes, Charles G.		 —
1926 Perrin, Jean Baptiste Svedberg, Theodor Fibiger, Johannes Andreas Grib Deledda, Grazia Briand, Aristide;
Stresemann, Gustav		 —
1927 Compton, Arthur H.;
Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees		 Wieland, Heinrich Otto Wagner-Jauregg, Julius Bergson, Henri Buisson, Ferdinand;
Quidde, Ludwig		 —
1928 Richardson, Owen Willans Windaus, Adolf Otto Reinhold Nicolle, Charles Undset, Sigrid None —
1929 de Broglie, Louis Harden, Arthur;
von Euler-Chelpin, Hans		 Eijkman, Christiaan;
Hopkins, Frederick Gowland		 Mann, Thomas Kellogg, Frank B. —
1930 Raman, Venkata Fischer, Hans Landsteiner, Karl Lewis, Sinclair Söderblom, Nathan —
1931 None Bosch, Carl;
Bergius, Friedrich		 Warburg, Otto Heinrich Karlfeldt, Erik Axel Addams, Jane;
Butler, Nicholas Murray		 —
1932 Heisenberg, Werner Langmuir, Irving Sherrington, Charles Scott;
Adrian, Edgar Douglas		 Galsworthy, John None —
1933 Schrödinger, Erwin;
Dirac, Paul A.M.		 None Morgan, Thomas Hunt Bunin, Ivan Angell, Norman —
1934 None Urey, Harold Clayton Whipple, George;
Minot, George;
Murphy, William P.		 Pirandello, Luigi Henderson, Arthur —
1935 Chadwick, James Joliot-Curie, Frédéric;
Joliot-Curie, Irene		 Spemann, Hans None von Ossietzky, Carl —
1936 Hess, Victor F.;
Anderson, Carl D.		 Debye, Peter Dale, Henry Hallett;
Loewi, Otto		 O'Neill, Eugene Lamas, Carlos Saavedra —
1937 Davisson, Clinton;
Thomson, George Paget		 Haworth, Walter;
Karrer, Paul		 Szent-Györgyi, Albert du Gard, Roger Martin Chelwood, Viscount, Cecil of —
1938 Fermi, Enrico Kuhn, Richard Heymans, Corneille Buck, Pearl S. Nansen International Office For Refugees —
1939 Lawrence, Ernest Butenandt, Adolf;
Ružička, Lavoslav		 Domagk, Gerhard Sillanpää, Frans Eemil None —
1940 None None None None None —
1941 None None None None None —
1942 None None None None None —
1943 Stern, Otto de Hevesy, George Dam, Henrik;
Doisy, Edward Adelbert		 None None —
1944 Rabi, Isidor Isaac Hahn, Otto Erlanger, Joseph;
Gasser, Herbert Spencer		 Jensen, Johannes Vilhelm International Committee of the Red Cross —
1945 Pauli, Wolfgang Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari Fleming, Alexander;
Chain, Ernst Boris;
Florey, Howard Walter		 Mistral, Gabriela Hull, Cordell —
1946 Bridgman, Percy W. Sumner, James B.;
Northrop, John Howard;
Stanley, Wendell Meredith		 Muller, Hermann Joseph Hesse, Hermann Balch, Emily Greene;
Mott, John		 —
1947 Appleton, Edward V. Robinson, Robert Cori, Carl Ferdinand;
Cori, Gerty Theresa;
Houssay, Bernardo		 Gide, André Friends Service Council;
American Friends Service Committee		 —
1948 Blackett, Patrick M.S. Tiselius, Arne Müller, Paul Hermann Eliot, T. S. None —
1949 Yukawa, Hideki Giauque, William Hess, Walter Rudolf;
Moniz, António Egas		 Faulkner, William Orr, John Boyd —
1950 Powell, Cecil Diels, Otto;
Alder, Kurt		 Hench, Philip Showalter;
Kendall, Edward Calvin;
Reichstein, Tadeus		 Russell, Bertrand Bunche, Ralph —
1951 Cockcroft, John;
Walton, Ernest T.S.		 McMillan, Edwin;
Seaborg, Glenn T.		 Theiler, Max Lagerkvist, Pär Jouhaux, Léon —
1952 Bloch, Felix;
Purcell, Edward M.		 Martin, Archer John Porter;
Synge, Richard Laurence Millington		 Waksman, Selman Mauriac, François Schweitzer, Albert —
1953 Zernike, Frits Staudinger, Hermann Krebs, Hans Adolf;
Lipmann, Fritz Albert		 Churchill, Winston Marshall, George —
1954 Born, Max;
Bothe, Walther		 Pauling, Linus Enders, John Franklin;
Robbins, Frederick Chapman;
Weller, Thomas Huckle		 Hemingway, Ernest United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees —
1955 Lamb, Willis E.;
Kusch, Polykarp		 du Vigneaud, Vincent Theorell, Hugo Laxness, Halldór None —
1956 Bardeen, John;
Brattain, Walter H.;
Shockley, William B.		 Hinshelwood, Cyril Norman;
Semenov, Nikolay Nikolaevich		 Cournand, André Frédéric;
Forssmann, Werner;
Richards, Dickinson W.		 Jiménez, Juan Ramón None —
1957 Yang, Chen Ning;
Lee, Tsung-Dao		 Todd, Lord (Alexander R.) Bovet, Daniel Camus, Albert Pearson, Lester B. —
1958 Cherenkov, Pavel A.;
Frank, Il´ja M.;
Tamm, Igor Y.		 Sanger, Frederick Beadle, George Wells;
Tatum, Edward Lawrie;
Lederberg, Joshua		 Pasternak, Boris Pire, Georges —
1959 Segrè, Emilio;
Chamberlain, Owen		 Heyrovský, Jaroslav Kornberg, Arthur;
Ochoa, Severo		 Quasimodo, Salvatore Noel-Baker, Philip J. —
1960 Glaser, Donald A. Libby, Willard Burnet, Frank Macfarlane;
Medawar, Peter		 Perse, Saint-John Lutuli, Albert —
1961 Hofstadter, Robert;
Mössbauer, Rudolf		 Calvin, Melvin von Békésy, Georg Andrić, Ivo Hammarskjöld, Dag —
1962 Landau, Lev Perutz, Max;
Kendrew, John		 Crick, Francis;
Watson, James D.;
Wilkins, Maurice		 Steinbeck, John Pauling, Linus —
1963 Wigner, Eugene;
Goeppert-Mayer, Maria;
Jensen, J. Hans D.		 Ziegler, Karl;
Natta, Giulio		 Eccles, John Carew;
Hodgkin, Alan Lloyd;
Huxley, Andrew		 Seferis, Giorgos International Committee of the Red Cross;
League of Red Cross societies		 —
1964 Townes, Charles H.;
Basov, Nicolay G.;
Prokhorov, Aleksandr M.		 Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot Bloch, Konrad Emil;
Lynen, Feodor Felix Konrad		 Sartre, Jean-Paul King, Jr., Martin Luther —
1965 Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro;
Schwinger, Julian;
Feynman, Richard P.		 Woodward, Robert Burns Jacob, François;
Lwoff, André Michel;
Monod, Jacques		 Sholokhov, Michail Aleksandrovich United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) —
1966 Kastler, Alfred Mulliken, Robert S. Rous, Francis Peyton;
Huggins, Charles Brenton		 Agnon, Shmuel Yosef;
Sachs, Nelly		 None —
1967 Bethe, Hans Eigen, Manfred;
Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford;
Porter, George		 Granit, Ragnar;
Hartline, Haldan Keffer;
Wald, George		 Asturias, Miguel Ángel None —
1968 Alvarez, Luis Onsager, Lars Holley, Robert W.;
Khorana, Har Gobind;
Nirenberg, Marshall Warren		 Kawabata, Yasunari Cassin, René —
1969 Gell-Mann, Murray Barton, Derek;
Hassel, Odd		 Delbrück, Max;
Hershey, Alfred;
Luria, Salvador		 Beckett, Samuel International Labour Organization Frisch, Ragnar Anton Kittil;
Tinbergen, Jan
1970 Alfvén, Hannes;
Néel, Louis		 Leloir, Luis F. Axelrod, Julius;
von Euler, Ulf;
Katz, Bernard		 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Borlaug, Norman Samuelson, Paul
1971 Gabor, Dennis Herzberg, Gerhard Sutherland, Jr., Earl Wilbur Neruda, Pablo Brandt, Willy Kuznets, Simon
1972 Bardeen, John;
Cooper, Leon Neil;
Schrieffer, Robert		 Anfinsen, Christian B.;
Moore, Stanford;
Stein, William Howard		 Edelman, Gerald;
Porter, Rodney Robert		 Böll, Heinrich None Hicks, John;
Arrow, Kenneth
1973 Esaki, Leo;
Giaever, Ivar;
Josephson, Brian David		 Fischer, Ernst Otto;
Wilkinson, Geoffrey		 von Frisch, Karl;
Lorenz, Konrad;
Tinbergen, Nikolaas		 White, Patrick Kissinger, Henry;
Thọ, Lê Ðức		 Leontief, Wassily
1974 Ryle, Martin;
Hewish, Antony		 Flory, Paul Claude, Albert;
de Duve, Christian;
Palade, George Emil		 Johnson, Eyvind;
Martinson, Harry		 MacBride, Seán;
Satō, Eisaku		 Myrdal, Gunnar;
Hayek, Friedrich
1975 Bohr, Aage N.;
Mottelson, Ben R.;
Rainwater, James		 Cornforth, John;
Prelog, Vladimir		 Baltimore, David;
Dulbecco, Renato;
Temin, Howard Martin		 Montale, Eugenio Sakharov, Andrei Kantorovich, Leonid;
Koopmans, Tjalling
1976 Richter, Burton;
Ting, Samuel C.C.		 Lipscomb, William Blumberg, Baruch Samuel;
Gajdusek, Daniel Carleton		 Bellow, Saul Williams, Betty;
Corrigan, Mairead		 Friedman, Milton
1977 Anderson, Philip Warren;
Mott, Sir Nevill F.;
van Vleck, John H.		 Prigogine, Ilya Guillemin, Roger;
Schally, Andrew;
Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman		 Aleixandre, Vicente Amnesty International Ohlin, Bertil;
Meade, James
1978 Kapitsa, Pyotr;
Penzias, Arno;
Wilson, Robert Woodrow		 Mitchell, Peter D. Arber, Werner;
Nathans, Daniel;
Smith, Hamilton O.		 Singer, Isaac Bashevis Sadat, Anwar El;
Begin, Menachem		 Simon, Herbert
1979 Glashow, Sheldon;
Salam, Abdus;
Weinberg, Steven		 Brown, Herbert C.;
Wittig, Georg		 Cormack, Allan McLeod;
Hounsfield, Godfrey		 Elytis, Odysseas Teresa, Mother Schultz, Theodore;
Lewis, Arthur
1980 Cronin, James;
Fitch, Val		 Berg, Paul;
Gilbert, Walter;
Sanger, Frederick		 Benacerraf, Baruj;
Dausset, Jean;
Snell, George Davis		 Miłosz, Czesław Esquivel, Adolfo Pérez Klein, Lawrence
1981 Bloembergen, Nicolaas;
Schawlow, Arthur L.;
Siegbahn, Kai M.		 Fukui, Kenichi;
Hoffmann, Roald		 Sperry, Roger W.;
Hubel, David H.;
Wiesel, Torsten N.		 Canetti, Elias United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Tobin, James
1982 Wilson, Kenneth G. Klug, Aaron Bergström, Sune;
Samuelsson, Bengt I.;
Vane, John Robert		 Márquez, Gabriel García Myrdal, Alva;
Robles, Alfonso García		 Stigler, George
1983 Chandrasekhar, Subramanyan;
Fowler, William A.		 Taube, Henry McClintock, Barbara Golding, William Wałęsa, Lech Debreu, Gérard
1984 Rubbia, Carlo;
van der Meer, Simon		 Merrifield, Robert Bruce Jerne, Niels Kaj;
Köhler, Georges J. F.;
Milstein, César		 Seifert, Jaroslav Tutu, Desmond Stone, Richard
1985 von Klitzing, Klaus Hauptman, Herbert A.;
Karle, Jerome		 Brown, Michael Stuart;
Goldstein, Joseph L.		 Simon, Claude International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Modigliani, Franco
1986 Ruska, Ernst;
Binnig, Gerd;
Rohrer, Heinrich		 Herschbach, Dudley R.;
Lee, Yuan T.;
Polanyi, John C.		 Cohen, Stanley;
Levi-Montalcini, Rita		 Soyinka, Wole Wiesel, Elie Buchanan, James M.
1987 Bednorz, J. Georg;
Müller, K. Alex		 Cram, Donald J.;
Lehn, Jean-Marie;
Pedersen, Charles J.		 Tonegawa, Susumu Brodsky, Joseph Arias, Óscar Solow, Robert
1988 Lederman, Leon M.;
Schwartz, Melvin;
Steinberger, Jack		 Deisenhofer, Johann;
Huber, Robert;
Michel, Hartmut		 Black, James W.;
Elion, Gertrude B.;
Hitchings, George H.		 Mahfouz, Naguib United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces Allais, Maurice
1989 Ramsey, Norman F.;
Dehmelt, Hans G.;
Paul, Wolfgang		 Altman, Sidney;
Cech, Thomas		 Bishop, J. Michael;
Varmus, Harold E.		 Cela, Camilo José Gyatso, Tenzin, the 14th Haavelmo, Trygve
1990 Friedman, Jerome I.;
Kendall, Henry W.;
Taylor, Richard E.		 Corey, Elias James Murray, Joseph;
Thomas, E. Donnall		 Paz, Octavio Gorbachev, Mikhail Markowitz, Harry;
Miller, Merton;
Sharpe, William Forsyth
1991 de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles Ernst, Richard R. Neher, Erwin;
Sakmann, Bert		 Gordimer, Nadine Suu Kyi, Aung San Coase, Ronald
1992 Charpak, Georges Marcus, Rudolph A. Fischer, Edmond H.;
Krebs, Edwin G.		 Walcott, Derek Menchú, Rigoberta Becker, Gary
1993 Hulse, Russell A.;
Taylor, Jr., Joseph H.Joseph H. Taylor, Jr.		 Mullis, Kary;
Smith, Michael		 Roberts, Richard J.;
Sharp, Phillip Allen		 Morrison, Toni Mandela, Nelson;
de Klerk, Frederik Willem		 Fogel, Robert;
North, Douglass
1994 Brockhouse, Bertram N.;
Shull, Clifford G.		 Olah, George Andrew Gilman, Alfred G.;
Rodbell, Martin		 Oe, Kenzaburo Arafat, Yasser;
Peres, Shimon;
Rabin, Yitzhak		 Harsanyi, John;
Nash, John Forbes;
Selten, Reinhard
1995 Perl, Martin L.;
Reines, Frederick		 Crutzen, Paul J.;
Molina, Mario J.;
Rowland, Frank Sherwood		 Lewis, Edward B.;
Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane;
Wieschaus, Eric F.		 Heaney, Seamus Rotblat, Joseph;
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs		 Lucas, Jr., Robert
1996 Lee, David M.;
Osheroff, Douglas D.;
Richardson, Robert Coleman		 Curl Jr., Robert F.;
Kroto, Harold;
Smalley, Richard		 Doherty, Peter C.;
Zinkernagel, Rolf M.		 Szymborska, Wisława Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes;
Ramos-Horta, José		 Mirrlees, James;
Vickrey, William
1997 Chu, Steven;
Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude;
Phillips, William D.		 Boyer, Paul D.;
Walker, John E.;
Skou, Jens Christian		 Prusiner, Stanley B. Fo, Dario International Campaign to Ban Landmines;
Williams, Jody		 Merton, Robert C.;
Scholes, Myron
1998 Laughlin, Robert B.;
Störmer, Horst L.;
Tsui, Daniel C.		 Kohn, Walter;
Pople, John		 Furchgott, Robert F.;
Ignarro, Louis J.;
Murad, Ferid		 Saramago, José Hume, John;
Trimble, David		 Sen, Amartya
1999 Hooft, Gerardus 't;
Veltman, Martinus J.G.		 Zewail, Ahmed Blobel, Günter Grass, Günter Médecins Sans Frontières Mundell, Robert
2000 Alferov, Zhores I.;
Kroemer, Herbert;
Kilby, Jack		 Heeger, Alan J.;
MacDiarmid, Alan;
Shirakawa, Hideki		 Carlsson, Arvid;
Greengard, Paul;
Kandel, Eric		 Xingjian, Gao Jung, Kim Dae Heckman, James;
McFadden, Daniel
2001 Cornell, Eric A.;
Ketterle, Wolfgang;
Wieman, Carl E.		 Knowles, William S.;
Noyori, Ryoji;
Sharpless, Karl Barry		 Hartwell, Leland H.;
Hunt, Tim;
Nurse, Paul		 Naipaul, V. S. United Nations;
Annan, Kofi		 Akerlof, George;
Spence, Michael;
Stiglitz, Joseph E.
2002 Davis, Jr., Raymond;
Koshiba, Masatoshi;
Giacconi, Riccardo		 Fenn, John Bennett;
Tanaka, Koichi;
Wüthrich, Kurt		 Brenner, Sydney;
Horvitz, H. Robert;
Sulston, John E.		 Kertész, Imre Carter, Jimmy Kahneman, Daniel;
Smith, Vernon L.
2003 Abrikosov, Alexei A.;
Ginzburg, Vitaly L.;
Leggett, Anthony J.		 Agre, Peter;
MacKinnon, Roderick		 Lauterbur, Paul;
Mansfield, Peter		 Coetzee, J. M. Ebadi, Shirin Engle, Robert F.;
Granger, Clive
2004 Gross, David J.;
Politzer, H. David;
Wilczek, Frank		 Ciechanover, Aaron;
Hershko, Avram;
Rose, Irwin		 Axel, Richard;
Buck, Linda B.		 Jelinek, Elfriede Maathai, Wangari Kydland, Finn E.;
Prescott, Edward C.
2005 Glauber, Roy J.;
Hall, John L.;
Hänsch, Theodor W.		 Chauvin, Yves;
Grubbs, Robert H.;
Schrock, Richard R.		 Marshall, Barry;
Warren, Robin		 Pinter, Harold International Atomic Energy Agency;
ElBaradei, Mohamed		 Aumann, Robert;
Schelling, Thomas
2006 Mather, John C.;
Smoot, George F.		 Kornberg, Roger D. Fire, Andrew;
Mello, Craig		 Pamuk, Orhan Yunus, Muhammad;
 Phelps, Edmund
2007 Fert, Albert;
Grünberg, Peter		 Ertl, Gerhard Capecchi, Mario;
Evans, Martin;
Smithies, Oliver		 Lessing, Doris Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change;
Gore, Al		 Hurwicz, Leonid;
Maskin, Eric;
Myerson, Roger
2008 Nambu, Yoichiro;
Kobayashi, Makoto;
Maskawa, Toshihide		 Shimomura, Osamu;
Chalfie, Martin;
Tsien, Roger Y.		 zur Hausen, Harald;
Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise;
Montagnier, Luc		 Le Clézio, Jean-Marie Gustave Ahtisaari, Martti Krugman, Paul
2009 Kao, Charles K.;
Boyle, Willard S.;
Smith, George E.		 Ramakrishnan, Venkatraman;
Steitz, Thomas A.;
Yonath, Ada E.		 Blackburn, Elizabeth;
Greider, Carol W.;
Szostak, Jack W.		 Müller, Herta Obama, Barack Ostrom, Elinor;
Williamson, Oliver E.
Year Physics Chemistry Physiology
or Medicine		 Literature Peace Economics
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