Marcus Aurelius: A Short Biography

Marcus Aurelius

Who is Emperor Marcus Aurelius?

Emperor Marcus Aurelius was a prominent figure in Roman history, celebrated for his intellectual pursuits and philosophical convictions. Born into a privileged family with significant political influence, Marcus showed early promise as a scholar, mastering both Latin and Greek during his childhood. However, it was the philosophy of Stoicism that captured his attention, emphasizing principles such as fate, reason, and self-discipline. His intellectual journey was deeply influenced by “Discourses,” authored by Epictetus, a former slave turned Stoic philosopher.

His Childhood:

Marcus’ upbringing was marked by significant events, including the death of his father when he was just three years old. Raised by his mother and grandfather, Marcus impressed Emperor Hadrian with his seriousness and dedication. Hadrian, recognizing Marcus’ potential, chose Titus Aurelius Antoninus, later known as Emperor Pius Antoninus, as his successor. Antoninus Pius then arranged for Marcus to be formally adopted into the family. Marcus apprenticed alongside his adopted father, learning the intricacies of governance and public affairs.

Politics as a Career:

In 140, Marcus Aurelius was elected consul, a position he held on two subsequent occasions. His political stature continued to rise, earning him additional responsibilities and official powers. Throughout his career, he provided invaluable support and counsel to Emperor Antoninus, all while pursuing his philosophical studies and showing an interest in law.

Personal Life:

Alongside his political endeavors, Marcus Aurelius enjoyed a fulfilling personal life. In 145, he married Faustina, the daughter of the Emperor. Together, they had several children, although not all survived into adulthood. Notably, Lucilla and Commodus, their daughter and son respectively, gained prominence within the Roman Empire.

Challenges:

Marcus Aurelius faced numerous challenges during his reign, including armed conflicts across the Roman Empire. In the east, he dealt with the resurgence of the Parthian Empire and the rebellious Kingdom of Armenia. Additionally, Germanic tribes posed a constant threat to Roman stability. The Antonine Plague, which emerged around 165 or 166, further devastated the empire, claiming millions of lives.

What is Marcus Aurelius Best Known For?

Marcus Aurelius is best remembered for his contemplative nature and governance based on rational principles. Despite the tumultuous events of his reign, he earned the epithet of “philosopher king,” a title that endured beyond his lifetime. His philosophical reflections, encapsulated in his work “Meditations,” continue to resonate with readers, offering insights into Stoic philosophy and reflections on life’s complexities.